What are the causes of gallstones?

Gallstones are caused by a variety of factors, mainly including genetics, environment, physiological factors and pathological changes. The formation of gallstones usually involves an imbalance in the composition of bile, which causes cholesterol or bile salts to precipitate in the gallbladder and gradually form stones. In terms of genetics, people with a family history of gallstones are more susceptible. Environmental factors such as diet also play an important role. A high-fat, low-fiber diet may promote the saturation of cholesterol in bile. Physiological factors include obesity, pregnancy, rapid weight loss, etc. These conditions will change the normal metabolism of bile. Certain diseases such as diabetes and cirrhosis may also increase the risk of gallstones.

Gallstones usually remain silent until symptoms become apparent. However, when stones block the bile duct, they can cause symptoms such as acute cholecystitis and cholangitis, with severe pain in the right upper abdomen, fever, nausea and vomiting. Severe cases require immediate medical attention and an ultrasound examination to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment depends on the specific case. Drug therapy such as ursodeoxycholic acid may be effective for small stones, but not for all types of stones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is widely considered the gold standard for treating recurrent or complex gallstones. Other non-surgical interventions such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy are still used in some cases, but the effectiveness varies from person to person.

Gallstones usually remain silent until symptoms become apparent. However, when stones block the bile duct, they can cause symptoms such as acute cholecystitis and cholangitis, with severe pain in the right upper abdomen, fever, nausea and vomiting. Severe cases require immediate medical attention and an ultrasound examination to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment depends on the specific case. Drug therapy such as ursodeoxycholic acid may be effective for small stones, but not for all types of stones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is widely considered the gold standard for treating recurrent or complex gallstones. Other non-surgical interventions such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy are still used in some cases, but the effectiveness varies from person to person.

To prevent gallstones or their recurrence, adjusting the diet is key. It is recommended to consume enough fiber every day, such as whole grains, vegetables and fruits, to help cholesterol metabolism. Moderate exercise can improve metabolic status and reduce the risk of stones. It is also important to maintain a proper weight and avoid rapid weight loss. For people with a family history or other risk factors, regular physical examinations, especially gallbladder ultrasound, can help detect potential problems early. The incidence of gallstones and the health risks they bring can be minimized through reasonable lifestyle management and medical advice.