What are the causes of pathological fractures?

The main cause of pathological fractures is the presence of disease or abnormality in the bones themselves, which leads to decreased bone strength and fractures under slight external force or normal activities. Common causes include osteoporosis, bone tumors, infection, etc. Treatment should be targeted at the primary disease, combined with fracture fixation and rehabilitation training.

1. Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a common cause of pathological fractures, especially in the elderly and postmenopausal women. Decreased bone density leads to fragile bones, and fractures can be caused by minor falls or daily activities. Prevention and treatment of osteoporosis include calcium and vitamin D supplementation, the use of bisphosphonates, and moderate weight-bearing exercise such as walking and yoga.

2. Bone tumors

Primary bone tumors such as osteosarcoma or metastatic bone tumors such as breast cancer and prostate cancer that metastasize to the bone can damage the bone structure and increase the risk of fractures. Treatment is specific to the type of tumor and may include surgical resection, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy. For fractures, internal or external fixation can be used to stabilize the bone.

3. Bone infection

Bone infections, such as osteomyelitis, can destroy bone tissue, making the bones weak. Infections can be caused by bacteria, fungi, or viruses. Treatment includes antibiotics or antifungal medications to control the infection and, in severe cases, surgery to clean the wound. Fractures can be stabilized with a device to help promote healing.

4. Metabolic bone disease

Metabolic diseases such as hyperparathyroidism and renal osteodystrophy can affect bone metabolism and lead to decreased bone strength. Treatment should be targeted at the primary disease, such as controlling parathyroid hormone levels and improving renal function. At the same time, calcium and vitamin D should be supplemented, and bone resorption inhibitors such as calcitonin should be used.

5. Congenital bone disease

Congenital bone diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta can cause bones to be fragile and prone to fractures. Treatment focuses on preventing fractures, including avoiding strenuous activities and using braces to protect bones. Drugs such as bisphosphonates can help increase bone density, and in severe cases, surgery may be needed to correct the deformity.

The treatment of pathological fractures requires comprehensive consideration of the primary disease and the fracture situation. Early diagnosis and intervention are key, and preventive measures such as healthy diet, moderate exercise, and regular physical examinations can help reduce the risk. If a pathological fracture is suspected, seek medical attention promptly for a comprehensive examination and treatment.