What are the types of gallstones?

Gallstones can be divided into three types: cholesterol stones, pigment stones and mixed stones. Depending on their composition and causes of formation, these stones have their own characteristics and effects.

Cholesterol stones are the most common type, accounting for the vast majority of gallstones. They are mainly composed of cholesterol crystals, usually yellow or light yellow in color, and of varying sizes. The formation of cholesterol stones is related to the oversaturation of cholesterol in bile, which is common in people who have a high-fat, high-cholesterol, low-fiber diet. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, rapid weight loss, and changes in hormone levels in women (such as pregnancy or taking birth control pills) can increase the risk of cholesterol stones.

Pigment stones are mainly composed of calcium pigments, which are dark brown or black in color and are usually small in size. These stones are more common in patients with bile tract infections, chronic hemolytic diseases (such as thalassemia or sickle cell anemia), or cirrhosis. Bacterial infections in the bile tract can cause increased levels of pigments in the bile, which promotes stone formation.

Mixed stones, as the name suggests, contain both cholesterol and bile pigments and other minerals, and are a type of "mixed player" among gallstone types. This type of stone has a complex composition and a variety of causes, usually related to gallbladder dysfunction, incomplete bile emptying, and chronic cholecystitis. Mixed stones are harder and often have a granular or rough surface.

Prevention of gallstones requires lifestyle changes, such as avoiding overeating, maintaining a balanced diet, consuming more fiber-rich foods, and exercising moderately to maintain a healthy weight. Controlling underlying diseases such as diabetes or metabolic syndrome can also help reduce the occurrence of gallstones. If you experience persistent pain in the right upper abdomen, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, and other symptoms, you should seek medical attention in a timely manner to identify the type of gallstones and receive professional treatment.