What complications can gallstones cause?

Gallstones may cause serious complications such as cholecystitis, cholangitis, and pancreatitis. These symptoms are usually related to stones blocking the bile duct or irritating the gallbladder wall, and require prompt medical treatment. The key to preventing and alleviating complications of gallstones lies in early diagnosis and active intervention.

1. Cholecystitis

Gallstones block the cystic duct, causing bile stasis, which may lead to acute or chronic cholecystitis. Acute cholecystitis is manifested by severe pain in the right upper abdomen, fever, nausea and vomiting, and in severe cases may cause gallbladder perforation. Chronic cholecystitis is manifested by intermittent right upper abdominal pain, indigestion, etc. Treatment includes antibiotics to control infection, analgesics to relieve symptoms, and surgical removal of the gallbladder is required in severe cases.

2. Cholangitis

When gallstones enter the bile duct and block it, they may cause cholangitis. Symptoms include jaundice, chills, high fever, and pain in the right upper abdomen. Cholangitis may lead to sepsis or liver abscess, which is life-threatening. Treatment includes endoscopic retrograde pancreaticobiliary cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) to remove stones, antibiotics to fight infection, and surgery to relieve bile duct obstruction if necessary.

3. Pancreatitis

Gallstones blocking the opening of the pancreatic duct may lead to acute pancreatitis. Symptoms include severe upper abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal distension. Pancreatitis may lead to serious consequences such as pancreatic necrosis and multiple organ failure. Treatment includes fasting, intravenous rehydration, analgesics, and drugs that inhibit pancreatic enzyme secretion. In severe cases, surgery is required to remove stones or drain necrotic pancreatic tissue.

The key to preventing complications of gallstones is early detection and treatment of gallstones. Regular physical examinations and ultrasound examinations can help with early diagnosis. In terms of diet, reduce the intake of high-fat and high-cholesterol foods, increase dietary fiber, and maintain a regular diet. In terms of exercise, moderate aerobic exercise such as brisk walking and swimming can help promote bile excretion and reduce the risk of stone formation. For people with a history of gallstones, it is necessary to closely monitor changes in symptoms and seek medical attention in a timely manner.

The severity of gallstone complications cannot be ignored. Early intervention and active treatment are the key to avoiding worsening of the disease. The risk of gallstones and their complications can be effectively reduced through a healthy lifestyle and regular check-ups.